Systems Thinking

A Cascade of Sand: Complex Systems in a Complex Time

We live in a world filled with rapid change: governments topple, people rise and fall, and technology has created a connectedness the world has never experienced before. Joshua Cooper Ramo believes …

Margin of Safety: Expect the Unexpected

An edited excerpt from The Great Mental Models v3: Systems and Mathematics When we interact with complex systems, we need to expect the unexpected. Systems do not always function as anticipated. They …

An Introduction to the Mental Model of Redundancy (with examples)

“The reliability that matters is not the simple reliability of one component of a system, but the final reliability of the total control system.” — Garrett Hardin *** We learn from …